EPA - US Climate Policty

(FACT - EPA has been working on this in all states)

The intensity-based approach promotes near-term opportunities (e.g. voluntary programs and partnerships) to conserve fossil fuel, recover methane and sequester carbon. These programs encourage the adoption of existing technologies, energy efficiency improvements and renewable resources to reduce emissions cost-effectively. In the longer term, development and deployment of breakthrough technologies will provide safe and reliable energy to fuel our economy with reduced or no greenhouse gas emissions.

EPA - US Climate Policty

(FACT - EPA has been working on this in all states)

United States EIA - (DOE) - US Emissions have dropped by 1.2% since 2004 overall, (industry, vehicle, and human emissions)

(CONFIRMED WITH DATA)

EPA plays a significant role in helping the United States reach its intensity goal through near-term initiatives that encourage voluntary reductions from large corporations, consumers, industrial and commercial buildings and many major industrial sectors.

Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership

The Clean Energy-Environment State Partnership Program is a voluntary state-federal partnership that encourages states to develop and implement cost-effective clean energy and environmental strategies. These strategies help further both environmental and clean energy goals while achieving public health and economic benefits. Under the Partnership Program, states work across their relevant agencies to develop and implement a comprehensive strategy for using existing and new energy policies and programs to promote energy efficiency, clean distributed generation, renewable energy and other clean energy sources that can provide air quality and other benefits.

Climate Leaders

Climate Leaders is an EPA industry-government partnership that works with companies to develop comprehensive climate change strategies. Partner companies commit to reducing their impact on the global environment by setting aggressive greenhouse gas reduction goals. Through program participation, companies create a credible record of their accomplishments and receive EPA recognition as corporate environmental leaders. Climate Leaders Partners range from Fortune 100 corporations to small businesses and represent a variety of industries and sectors, from manufacturers and utilities to financial institutions and retailers, with operations in all 50 states.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Partnership

The CHP Partnership is a voluntary program to reduce the environmental impact of power generation by promoting the use of CHP. CHP is an efficient, clean and reliable approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single fuel source. The Partnership works closely with energy users, the CHP industry, state and local governments and other stakeholders to support the development of new projects and promote their energy, environmental and economic benefits.

ENERGY STAR

In 1992, EPA introduced ENERGY STAR as a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ENERGY STAR has been a joint EPA-Department of Energy program since 1996. Today more than 1,400 manufacturers use the ENERGY STAR in over 40 product categories. EPA also offers the ENERGY STAR partnership to businesses and organizations of all types and sizes including schools, hospitals, hotels, small businesses and congregations and to key industries such as auto manufacturing, petroleum refining and pharmaceuticals. ENERGY STAR delivers the technical information and tools that organizations and consumers need to choose energy-efficient solutions and best management practices. ENERGY STAR has successfully delivered energy and cost savings across the country, saving businesses, organizations and consumers approximately $10 billion in 2004. ENERGY STAR also has international partnerships intended to unify voluntary energy-efficiency labeling programs in major global markets and make it easier to participate in the program.

EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality Voluntary Programs

Transportation and Air Quality voluntary programs aim to reduce pollution and improve air quality by means of forming partnerships with small and large businesses, citizen groups, industry, manufacturers, trade associations and state and local governments. For example, in February 2004 EPA announced the SmartWay Transport Partnership. The Partnership is a collaborative voluntary program between EPA and the freight industry that will increase the energy efficiency and energy security of our country while significantly reducing air pollution and greenhouse gases. Additional transportation and air quality voluntary programs at EPA include: the Green Vehicle Guide, Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program, Clean School Bus USA, Best Workplaces for Commuters and It All Adds Up to Cleaner Air.

Green Power Partnership

The Green Power Partnership is a voluntary partnership between EPA and organizations that are interested in buying green power. Green power is an environmentally friendly electricity product that is generated from renewable energy sources. Through this program, EPA supports organizations that are buying or planning to buy green power. As a Green Power partner, an organization pledges to replace a portion of its electricity consumption with green power within a year of joining the Partnership. EPA offers credible benchmarks for green power purchases, market information and opportunities for recognition and promotion of leading purchasers.

High GWP Gas Voluntary Programs

EPA has a set of voluntary industry partnerships that are substantially reducing U.S. emissions of high global warming potential (high GWP) gases. These synthetic gases - including perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) - are manufactured for commercial use or generated as waste byproducts of industrial operations. Some of these gases have valuable uses as substitutes for ozone depleting substances. However, some species of these gases, while released in small quantities, are extremely potent greenhouse gases with very long atmospheric lifetimes. The high GWP partnership programs involve several industries, including HCFC-22 producers, primary aluminum smelters, semiconductor manufacturers, electric power companies and magnesium smelters and die-casters. These industries are reducing greenhouse gas emissions by developing and implementing cost-effective improvements to their industrial processes. To date, these voluntary programs have achieved significant emission reductions and industry partners are expected to maintain emissions below 1990 levels beyond the year 2010.

Methane Voluntary Programs

U.S. industries along with state and local governments collaborate with EPA to promote profitable opportunities for reducing emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. These voluntary programs are designed to overcome a wide range of informational, technical and institutional barriers to reducing methane emissions, while creating profitable activities for the coal, natural gas, petroleum, landfill and agricultural industries. The collective results of EPA’s voluntary methane partnership programs have been substantial. Total U.S. methane emissions in 2003 were more than 10 percent lower than emissions in 1990, in spite of economic growth over that time period. EPA expects that these programs will maintain emissions below 1990 levels in the future due to expanded industry participation and the continuing commitment of the participating companies to identify and implement cost-effective technologies and practices. Additionally, through our participation in the Methane to Markets Partnership, the U.S. is also working towards reducing international methane emissions.

WasteWise

WasteWise is a voluntary EPA program through which organizations eliminate costly municipal solid waste and select industrial wastes, benefiting their bottom line and reducing the amount of waste deposited in landfills. WasteWise is a flexible program that allows partners to design their own waste reduction programs tailored to their needs. Waste reduction can save organizations money through reduced purchasing and waste disposal costs. WasteWise provides free technical assistance to help organizations develop, implement and measure their waste reduction activities.

United States EPA - (DOE) - US EPA Emissions Policies and Programs to decrease emissions.

(CONFIRMED WITH DATA)

Numerous Federal agencies have launched initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity. These initiatives address market barriers, accelerate the adoption of proven technologies and practices and deliver substantial emissions reductions. The list that follows highlights some of these initiatives:

Climate VISION Partnership

In February 2003, several major industrial sectors and the membership of the Business Roundtable committed to work with four U.S. agencies (the Department of Energy, EPA, Department of Transportation and Department of Agriculture) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. Participating industry sectors include oil and gas production, transportation and refining; electricity generation; coal and mineral production and mining; manufacturing (automobiles, cement, iron and steel, magnesium, aluminum, chemicals and semiconductors); railroads; and forestry products. For more information, please visit the Climate Vision Homepage.

Targeted Incentives for Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Sequestration

In June 2003, the Secretary of Agriculture announced that the Department of Agriculture (USDA) will provide targeted incentives to encourage wider use of land management practices that remove carbon from the atmosphere or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Through forest and agriculture conservation programs, such as the Environmental Quality Incentives Program and Conservation Reserve Program, USDA is encouraging the increased use of biomass energy, crop and grazing land conservation actions, practices to reduce emissions from agriculture and sustainable forest management. For more information, please visit the USDA Press Release on Targeted Incentives for Greenhouse Gas Sequestration.

Tax Incentives to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The Federal government’s fiscal year 2006 budget proposed energy tax incentives to promote greenhouse gas emission reductions totaling $524 million in fiscal year 2006 and $3.6 billion over 5 years. The incentives are designed to spur the use of cleaner, renewable energy and more energy-efficient technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Consistent with the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the tax incentives include credits for the purchase of hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles, residential solar heating systems, energy produced from landfill gas, electricity produced from alternative energy sources such as wind and biomass and combined heat and power systems.

The Energy Policy Act also established new energy efficiency standards for a wide variety of consumer products and commercial appliances and offers tax incentives to encourage their purchase. It also offers tax incentives to consumers to purchase energy-efficient hybrid, clean diesel and fuel cell vehicles. For more information, please see the fact sheet: The Energy Bill: Good For Consumers, The Economy, And The Environment.

Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program

The Department of Energy (DOE) manages a registry for the voluntary reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and reductions. On February 14, 2002, the President directed the Secretary of Energy, working with the Secretaries of Commerce and Agriculture, and the EPA Administrator, to propose improvements to the current greenhouse gas registry to "enhance measurement accuracy, reliability and verifiability, working with and taking into account emerging domestic and international approaches.” For more information, please visit Enhancing DOE's Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605(b)) Program.

United States EPA - (DOE) - US Federal Emissions Policies and Programs to decrease emissions.

(CONFIRMED WITH DATA)

"A nation and the global community empowered with the science-based knowledge to manage the risks and opportunities of change in the climate and related environmental systems."

– Climate Change Science Program Guiding Vision

The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) is one of the largest components of the U.S. climate program. CCSP is a multi-agency effort focused on improving our understanding of the science of climate change and its potential impacts.

The CCSP integrates federal research on climate and global change, as sponsored by thirteen federal agencies and overseen by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Council on Environmental Quality, the National Economic Council and the Office of Management and Budget.

Climate Change Science Program Vision

Research and observations can play unique roles in helping society to deal with key climate change issues. These unique roles give rise to the guiding vision of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program.

Five principal goals have been adopted to guide the CCSP:

• Improve knowledge of the Earth's past and present climate and environment, including its natural variability, and improve understanding of the causes of observed variability and change.
• Improve quantification of the forces bringing about changes in the Earth's climate and related systems.
• Reduce uncertainty in projections of how the Earth's climate and related systems may change in the future.
• Understand the sensitivity and adaptability of different natural and managed ecosystems and human systems to climate and related global changes.
• Explore the uses and identify the limits of evolving knowledge to manage risks and opportunities related to climate variability and change.

Climate Change Science Program Strategic Plan

The Strategic Plan for CCSP describes a strategy for developing knowledge of variability and change in climate and related environmental and human systems, and for encouraging the application of this knowledge. By 2008, CCSP will produce twenty-one synthesis and assessment reports that focus on a variety of science and policy issues important for public discussion and decision-making. EPA, a key CCSP participant, is a lead or co-lead agency on four of these reports and a contributor to most of the others. For information about EPA’s participation in the CCSP, see the EPA Climate Change Science Research page.

Global Earth Observing System of Systems

One of the five core approaches of the CCSP is to enhance observations and data management systems to generate a comprehensive set of variables needed for climate-related research. The Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) is a related U.S. government and international effort to advance our ability to gather Earth observation data from a variety of sources and make it compatible in order to supply data and information to users at no cost. With a great deal of experience in measuring, monitoring and modeling, EPA is in a position to bring knowledge and leadership to the on-going GEOSS development process, ensuring that the results can be used to support environmental decision-making.

EPA - Climate Change Science Program - Multi-agency effort focused on improving our under-standing of the science of climate change and impact.

(FACT - Policies and programs that are in action)

EPA - U.S. REGIONAL IMPACT

(MUST CONFIRM WITH DATA)

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), North America is projected to warm between 3.6-18 °F (2-10 °C) by 2100, depending on the region (IPCC, 2007). The large range in warming reflects large projected increases in Arctic temperatures in northern Alaska and Canada, uncertainties in future emissions, the climate's response to those emissions, and the difficulty of projecting future climate change at the regional level.

To address some of the central areas of research on this topic, including uncertainties in projections of regional climate change, the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) has initiated 21 separate analyses to be completed over the next two to three years. For more information, see the CCSP Web site.

The following list, while not comprehensive, provides illustrative examples of some of the higher likelihood effects of climate change in different parts of the United States (IPCC, 2007):

In the Northeast:

• Northward shifts in the ranges of plant and animal species resulting from warmer temperatures
• Coastal erosion, loss of wetland habitat, increased risk from storm surges from sea level rise
• Reduced winter recreation (skiing); increased warm season activities
• Higher summer heat and increase in heat-related morbidity and mortality, especially in urban areas; reduced winter cold stress with associated decrease in cold-related mortality
• Increase vulnerability of infrastructure (e.g. roads and utilities) from extreme events such as coastal flooding

In the Southeast and Gulf Coast:

• Increased coastal erosion including loss of barrier islands and wetlands
• Intense coastal zone development places coastal floodplains at risk to flooding from sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme precipitation events
• Changing forest character as disturbances (e.g., fire and insect outbreaks) increase
• Higher summer heat; reduced winter cold stress

In the Midwest and Great Lakes:

• Lowered lake and river levels, resulting from warmer temperatures and increased evaporation, impact recreation and shipping
• Warming lake and river temperatures leading to reductions in many fish stocks
• Decrease in water quality leading to habitat loss and eutrophication
• Increased agricultural productivity in many regions resulting from increased carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures
• Higher summer heat and increase in heat-related morbidity and mortality, especially in urban areas; reduced winter cold stress with associated decrease in cold-related mortality

In the Great Plains:

• Agricultural productivity shifts northward as the potential for drought increases
• Intensified springtime flood and summertime drought cycles
• Higher summer heat; reduced winter cold stress

In the West:

• Changes in natural ecosystems resulting from higher temperatures and possibly intensified winter precipitation
• Earlier snowmelt and significant reductions in snowpack stressing some reservoir systems
• Decreased yields of crops that are already near climate thresholds such as California wine grapes
• Increased stress on groundwater systems leading to decreased recharge
• Higher summer heat; reduced winter cold stress
• Increased wildfire potential

Alaska:

• Forest disruption resulting from warming and increased pest outbreaks
• General increase in biological production from warming; but reduced sea ice and warming disrupts polar bears, marine mammals, and other wildlife
• Damage to infrastructure resulting from permafrost melting
• Retreating sea ice and earlier snowmelt alter native people's traditional life styles
• Opportunities for warm season activities increase